Referenced in Channelpedia wiki pages of: none

Automatically associated channels: Kir1.1 , Kir2.1 , Kir2.2 , Kir3.1 , Kir3.2

Title: Mechanism underlying bupivacaine inhibition of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ channels.

Authors: W Zhou, C Arrabit, S Choe, P A Slesinger

Journal, date & volume: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2001 May 22 , 98, 6482-7

PubMed link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11353868

Abstract
Local anesthetics, commonly used for treating cardiac arrhythmias, pain, and seizures, are best known for their inhibitory effects on voltage-gated Na(+) channels. Cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity are unwanted side-effects from local anesthetics that cannot be attributed to the inhibition of only Na(+) channels. Here, we report that extracellular application of the membrane-permeant local anesthetic bupivacaine selectively inhibited G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K(+) channels (GIRK:Kir3) but not other families of inwardly rectifying K(+) channels (ROMK:Kir1 and IRK:Kir2). Bupivacaine inhibited GIRK channels within seconds of application, regardless of whether channels were activated through the muscarinic receptor or directly via coexpressed G protein G(beta)gamma subunits. Bupivacaine also inhibited alcohol-induced GIRK currents in the absence of functional pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins. The mutated GIRK1 and GIRK2 (GIRK1/2) channels containing the high-affinity phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) domain from IRK1, on the other hand, showed dramatically less inhibition with bupivacaine. Surprisingly, GIRK1/2 channels with high affinity for PIP(2) were inhibited by ethanol, like IRK1 channels. We propose that membrane-permeant local anesthetics inhibit GIRK channels by antagonizing the interaction of PIP(2) with the channel, which is essential for G(beta)gamma and ethanol activation of GIRK channels.