Cav3.1
Description: calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit Gene: Cacna1g Alias: cacna1g, cav3.1, ca3.1, Ca(v)3.1
Cav3.1 is a T type calcium channel, also know as a1G. It is a low voltage activated (LVA) calcium channel found in neurons and cardiac tissue.
Calcium channels are multimeric proteins consisting of a pore forming alpha-1 subunit and some combination of auxiliary beta, alpha-2delta and gamma subunits [477]. Multiple genes and gene splice variants encode members of each subunit family. The exten- sive biophysical and pharmacological diversity of native calcium currents can be attributed to variation in their molecular identities [477].
Gene
Transcript
| Species | NCBI accession | Length (nt) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human | NM_018896.5 | 8602 | |
| Mouse | NM_009783.3 | 8238 | |
| Rat | NM_001308302.1 | 7759 |
Protein Isoforms
Isoforms
Post-Translational Modifications
Structure
Cav3.1 predicted AlphaFold size
Methodology for AlphaFold size prediction and disclaimer are available here
T-type Ca2+ channels correspond to a subfamily of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels with specific hallmarks: low-voltage activation, transient inactivation kinetics and small unitary conductance [528].
Biophysics
Model Cav3.1 (ID=41)
| Animal | CH | |
| CellType | CHO | |
| Age | 0 Days | |
| Temperature | 0.0°C | |
| Reversal | 30.0 mV | |
| Ion | Ca + | |
| Ligand ion | ||
| Reference | [103] Achraf Traboulsie et. al; J. Physiol. (Lond.) 2007 Jan 1 | |
| mpower | 1.0 | |
| m Inf | 1 /(1+exp((v-(-42.921064))/-5.163208)) | |
| m Tau | -0.855809 + (1.493527 * exp(-v/27.414182)) If v lt -10 | |
| m Tau | 1.0 If v gteq -10 | |
| hpower | 1.0 | |
| h Inf | 1 /(1+exp((v-(-72.907420))/4.575763)) | |
| h Tau | 9.987873 + (0.002883 * exp(-v/5.598574)) | |
Cav3.1 is expressed in rat cardiac myocytes and presumably contributes to the generation of the native cardiac low voltage activated calcium current [538].
T-type Ca2+ channels are involved in cardiac pacemaker activity [529], [530], neuronal firing activity [531], sleep [532], hormone secretion [533] and fertilization [534]. T-type Ca2+ channels are also implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy [535], pain [536] and cardiac hypertrophy [537].
Zn2+
Zn2+ influences human CaV 3.1, CaV 3.2 and CaV 3.3 channels. It causes for example a significant increase in CaV 3.3 current in action potential clamp experiments, while CaV 3.1 and CaV 3.2 currents are significantly reduced. [103]
Gamma Subunits
Gamma6 isoforms have a unique negative effect on Cav3.1 low voltage activated current density that is not seen with either gamma4 or gamma7. [104]
References
Traboulsie A
et al.
Subunit-specific modulation of T-type calcium channels by zinc.
J. Physiol. (Lond.),
2007
Jan
1
, 578 (159-71).
Hansen JP
et al.
Calcium channel gamma6 subunits are unique modulators of low voltage-activated (Cav3.1) calcium current.
J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.,
2004
Dec
, 37 (1147-58).
Niwa N
et al.
Cav3.2 subunit underlies the functional T-type Ca2+ channel in murine hearts during the embryonic period.
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.,
2004
Jun
, 286 (H2257-63).
Lacinova L
et al.
Modulation of gating currents of the Ca(v)3.1 calcium channel by alpha 2 delta 2 and gamma 5 subunits.
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.,
2004
May
15
, 425 (207-13).
Emerick MC
et al.
Profiling the array of Ca(v)3.1 variants from the human T-type calcium channel gene CACNA1G: alternative structures, developmental expression, and biophysical variations.
Proteins,
2006
Aug
1
, 64 (320-42).
Kovacs K
et al.
Subcellular distribution of low-voltage activated T-type Ca2+ channel subunits (Ca(v)3.1 and Ca(v)3.3) in reticular thalamic neurons of the cat.
J. Neurosci. Res.,
2010
Feb
1
, 88 (448-60).
Catterall WA
Structure and regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.,
2000
, 16 (521-55).
Perez-Reyes E
Molecular physiology of low-voltage-activated t-type calcium channels.
Physiol. Rev.,
2003
Jan
, 83 (117-61).
Hagiwara N
et al.
Contribution of two types of calcium currents to the pacemaker potentials of rabbit sino-atrial node cells.
J. Physiol. (Lond.),
1988
Jan
, 395 (233-53).
Mangoni ME
et al.
Bradycardia and slowing of the atrioventricular conduction in mice lacking CaV3.1/alpha1G T-type calcium channels.
Circ. Res.,
2006
Jun
9
, 98 (1422-30).
Huguenard JR
Low-threshold calcium currents in central nervous system neurons.
Annu. Rev. Physiol.,
1996
, 58 (329-48).
Anderson MP
et al.
Thalamic Cav3.1 T-type Ca2+ channel plays a crucial role in stabilizing sleep.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,
2005
Feb
1
, 102 (1743-8).
Chen XL
et al.
A role for T-type Ca2+ channels in the synergistic control of aldosterone production by ANG II and K+.
Am. J. Physiol.,
1999
May
, 276 (F674-83).
Arnoult C
et al.
Activation of mouse sperm T-type Ca2+ channels by adhesion to the egg zona pellucida.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,
1996
Nov
12
, 93 (13004-9).
Tsakiridou E
et al.
Selective increase in T-type calcium conductance of reticular thalamic neurons in a rat model of absence epilepsy.
J. Neurosci.,
1995
Apr
, 15 (3110-7).
Todorovic SM
et al.
Pharmacological properties of T-type Ca2+ current in adult rat sensory neurons: effects of anticonvulsant and anesthetic agents.
J. Neurophysiol.,
1998
Jan
, 79 (240-52).
Nuss HB
et al.
T-type Ca2+ current is expressed in hypertrophied adult feline left ventricular myocytes.
Circ. Res.,
1993
Oct
, 73 (777-82).
Larsen JK
et al.
Quantitative analysis of the expression and distribution of calcium channel alpha 1 subunit mRNA in the atria and ventricles of the rat heart.
J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol.,
2002
May
, 34 (519-32).
Contributors: Rajnish Ranjan, Michael Schartner
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