Title: C-terminal modulator controls Ca2+-dependent gating of Ca(v)1.4 L-type Ca2+ channels.

Authors: Anamika Singh, Daniel Hamedinger, Jean-Charles Hoda, Mathias Gebhart, Alexandra Koschak, Christoph Romanin, Jörg Striessnig

Journal, date & volume: Nat. Neurosci., 2006 Sep , 9, 1108-16

PubMed link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16921373

Abstract
Tonic neurotransmitter release at sensory cell ribbon synapses is mediated by calcium (Ca2+) influx through L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. This tonic release requires the channels to inactivate slower than in other tissues. Ca(v)1.4 L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) are found at high densities in photoreceptor terminals, and alpha1 subunit mutations cause human congenital stationary night blindness type-2 (CSNB2). Ca(v)1.4 voltage-dependent inactivation is slow and Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI) is absent. We show that removal of the last 55 or 122 (C122) C-terminal amino acid residues of the human alpha1 subunit restores calmodulin-dependent CDI and shifts voltage of half-maximal activation to more negative potentials. The C terminus must therefore form part of a mechanism that prevents calmodulin-dependent CDI of Ca(v)1.4 and controls voltage-dependent activation. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments in living cells revealed binding of C122 to C-terminal motifs mediating CDI in other Ca2+ channels. The absence of this modulatory mechanism in the CSNB2 truncation mutant K1591X underlines its importance for normal retinal function in humans.