HCN4
Description: hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel 4 Gene: Hcn4 Synonyms: HCN4, Hac3, HCN3, Bcng4, BCNG-4, ih4
Introduction
Gene
Transcript
Acc No | Sequence | Length | Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|
NM_021658 | n/A | n/A | NCBI | |
NM_001081192 | n/A | n/A | NCBI | |
NM_005477 | n/A | n/A | NCBI |
Ontology
Accession | Name | Definition | Evidence | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GO:0016021 | integral to membrane | Penetrating at least one phospholipid bilayer of a membrane. May also refer to the state of being buried in the bilayer with no exposure outside the bilayer. When used to describe a protein, indicates that all or part of the peptide sequence is embedded in the membrane. | IEA | |||||||
GO:0016020 | membrane | Double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. | IEA | |||||||
GO:0043195 | terminal button | Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it. | IDA |
MUTATION
A missense mutation (S672R) on the exon 7 in hHCN4 gene induces the production of an isoform of the pacemaker channel changed at cAMP binding site level: this was responsible for a familial form of an asymptomatic bradycardia.
A mutation in the exon 5 of the HCN4 gene is functionally related to a truncated protein, unable to bind cAMP and, therefore, presenting a dominant negative effect on channel function. [1693]
Protein
Structure
CARTOON REPRESENTATION OF HCN CHANNEL TOPOLOGY
One of the four subunits is depicted here. A subunit is composed of six transmembrane domains (S1–S6). S4, the putative voltage sensor, is characterized in all four HCN subunits by the presence of 11 basic residues (2 lysines, 7 arginines, and 2 histidines) within its domain and in the close vicinity. Also drawn are the domains involved in cyclic nucleotide binding (CNBD) in the C-terminus and the cAMP molecule.
Distribution
Expression
Expression of HCN1 in CNS
HCN4 is strongly expressed in the thalamic nuclei and the olfactory bulb [690]
DISEASE
Missense mutations on the exon 5 of the HCN4 gene have been found in a Japanese family suffering from sick sinus syndrome, recurrent syncopes, severe bradycardia (39 bpm), long QT interval and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia [1693]
FUNCTION BY KNOCK-OUT
Recently a knock-out HCN mice model was developed in order to study the influence of the HCN4 isoform in pacemaker generation and rate control. It demonstrated a severe bradycardia (about 50% respect of original rate) and atrio-ventricular block in a mouse model in which HCN4 was ablated. Furthermore, a 70% in If-current was outlined in the same models with an overall reduction of the spontaneous rate of about 60%. These results confirmed the essential role of HCN4 in adult mice in controlling the impulse generation and conduction of heart impulse [1693]
Embryonic mice carrying this deletion died between embryonic days 9.5 and 11.5 due to lack of cardiac pacemaking. In this respect, it is relevant to note that cardiac development is complete at about the same time indicating that the lack of HCN4-dependent pacemaking is incompatible with a correct cardiogenesis and with embry- odic survival [1694]
Kinetics
Model
Model HCN4 (ID=12) Edit
Animal | Mouse | |
CellType | Dorsal root ganglion | |
Age | 21 Days | |
Temperature | 0.0°C | |
Reversal | -45.0 mV | |
Ion | Hcn + | |
Ligand ion | ||
Reference | S Moosmang et. al; Eur. J. Biochem. 2001 Mar | |
mpower | 1.0 | |
m Inf | 1.0000/(1+exp((v- -100)/9.6)) | |
m Tau | 461.0000 |
References
54
Brandt MC
et al.
Effects of KCNE2 on HCN isoforms: distinct modulation of membrane expression and single channel properties.
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.,
2009
Jul
, 297 (H355-63).
57
Moosmang S
et al.
Cellular expression and functional characterization of four hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels in cardiac and neuronal tissues.
Eur. J. Biochem.,
2001
Mar
, 268 (1646-52).
1690
Benarroch EE
HCN channels: function and clinical implications.
Neurology,
2013
Jan
15
, 80 (304-10).
Scicchitano P
et al.
HCN channels and heart rate.
Molecules,
2012
, 17 (4225-35).
Baruscotti M
et al.
HCN-related channelopathies.
Pflugers Arch.,
2010
Jul
, 460 (405-15).
1695
Baruscotti M
et al.
Deep bradycardia and heart block caused by inducible cardiac-specific knockout of the pacemaker channel gene Hcn4.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,
2011
Jan
25
, 108 (1705-10).
Contributors: Rajnish Ranjan, Michael Schartner, Nitin Khanna
To cite this page: [Contributors] Channelpedia https://channelpedia.epfl.ch/ionchannels/64/ , accessed on [date]